By Punjabnewswire4u
CHANDIGARH, APRIL
27
The 2011 Census collected data on people living in slums
that have become common place in a rapidly urbanizing India. It found that
around 1.37 crore households or 17.4% of urban Indian households lived in slums
in 2011. Moreover, 38% of all slum households in the country are found in
million plus cities.
Provisional
population figures- Within 3 weeks of the conclusion of Census of India
2011, the provisional population figures on numeric count only arrived at by
adding the population as reported by each enumerator for the Enumeration Block
assigned to her/him were released for the following parameters:
1.
Total population figures and male/female breakup till district level.
2.
0-6 years population figures- total, male/female breakup till district
level.
3.
Literacy rate- total, male/female till district level.
4.
Sex ratio and child sex ratio in age group 0-6 Years
5.
Rural - urban Tables- released in August, 2011.
Housing Census-
Subsequent to the abovementioned provisional figures, further releases are
based on processing of cent percent data. More than one billion records have
been scanned and Image enabled Intelligent character recognition (ICR) and
Computer Assisted Coding (CAC) has been applied. The following data has been
released--
6.
Tables on Houses, Household amenities and Assets at national, state,
district, tehsil level.
7.
Tables as above for SC/ST households
8.
Tables pertaining to male/female-headed households.
Data on slum households are being released from the above
said compilation.
Releasing the data on slum households for Punjab, Smt
Seema Jain, IAS, Joint Secretary, MHA, Government of India and Director Census,
Punjab said that it is for the first time that data on housing stock, amenities
and assets available based on Houselisting Operations are being released for
slum areas. In 2001 census, slum-data was released only for population
enumeration phase. She expressed the hope that the demographic characteristics
of population living in slums would be of immense interest and utility for
planners, policy-makers, administrators, academicians, researchers and many
other stake holders.
In India slums have been defined under Section 3 of the
Slum Act (Improvement and Clearance) Act, 1956 .The census describes slums as
“residential areas where dwellings are unfit for human habitation by reasons of
dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangements and design of such buildings,
narrowness or faulty arrangement of street, lack of ventilation, light, or
sanitation facilities or any combination of these factors which are detrimental
to the safety and health”.
Slums have been categorized and defined
as ‘notified slums’, ‘recognized slums’ and ‘Identified slums’. Notified slums
include all areas in a town or city notified as slum by the State/ UT
Administration or Local Government under any Act including a ‘Slum Act’.
Recognized slums are those which have been recognized as slum by State/ UT
Administration or Local Government, Housing and Slum Boards, but may have not
been formally notified as slum under any Act. Identified slum is a
compact area of at least 300 population or about 60-70 households of poorly
built congested tenements in unhygienic environment usually with inadequate
infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and drinking water facilities.
Punjab
Data- Punjab has 14.2% of urban households living in slums. Out of 143
statutory towns in Punjab, 71 have reported slums. These 71 towns are
distributed over 18 districts in the state. SBS Nagar and Barnala districts
have not reported any slum.
Classification
as per use of census-houses- Slums are not purely residential. 81.5% of
the occupied census houses are residential or residential-cum-other use whereas
the remaining 17.7% are under non-residential use and 0.8% census houses are
occupied but locked. The census data shows that they are vibrant economic
clusters and entrepreneurial hubs where the poor are climbing up the ladder of
opportunity and income. The census data shows that in Punjab, 17.7% of the slum
census houses are being used for non-residential purposes such as Shop/office,
Hotel/lodge, Hospital/dispensary, Factory/workshop, Place of Worship, other
non-residential purposes, etc. and this percentage is higher than all India
figure of 15.1%. Within the category of non-residential use, 37,653 are being
used as shop/office, 6,945 as factory/workshop/workshed etc, 1543 as place of
worship, 907 as school/college, 519 as hospital/dispensary etc, 334 as
hotel/lodge and 16,260 are being used for other non-residential purposes.
Ownership
status of houses- Data shows that the proportion of households who live
in slums in towns/cities and who own their homes is higher than corresponding
figure for non- slums. In Punjab, 81.0% of the slum households own the house in
which they are residing. This percentage is higher than that of the total urban
households at 78.3%. This could well be a function of the ease of home
ownership in slums, both in terms of cost and the process involved.
Assets and
amenities
Electricity
as source of lighting is available to 96.6% of the slum households which is
marginally less than that of the total urban households at 98.3%. Ludhiana,
Amritsar and Jalandhar are the three big cities of Punjab. The availability of
electricity in these corporation towns is as good as for total urban areas in
the state. In Ludhiana 97.3% and in Amritsar Corp. 97.4% of the slum households
have electricity as the source of light while the percentage is even higher in
Jalandhar Corp at 99.0%.
Tap water is
available to 69.8% of the slum
households compared with 76.4% in urban households in Punjab. Position is much
better in Jalandhar and Ludhiana Corp where the percentage of households having
tap water is 97.2% and 94.0% respectively. In Amritsar corporation, it is
68.9%.
Toilet within
premises is available to 88.7% of the households in slums. In other words,
11.3% of the slum households do not have toilet compared with 6.6% for total
urban areas. In Jalandhar Corp. 97% of the slum households have toilet within
premises only 3% are devoid of this facility within premises. Similarly, 95% of
slum households in Ludhiana Corp and 92% in Amritsar Corp have availability of
toilet.
LPG is
the main fuel used for cooking in 67.8% of the slum households compared to
79.3% for total urban households. In Ludhiana (76.5%) and in Jalandhar (74.8%)
corporations, more than three - fourths of the slum households are using LPG
for cooking. The corresponding percentage for Amritsar Corp is 67.4%.
Television
At least 4 out of every 5 slum households (82.6%)
are possessing Television and this percentage is nearly at par with the urban
households at 87.7%. Among the three big cities, the percentage is almost the
same in Jalandhar at 87.3% and Amritsar at 86.6% while in Ludhiana 81.8% of
slum households have television.
Computer/laptop
Every – tenth household in urban areas (10.5%) has
computer/ lap top with internet and every ninth urban household has
computer/laptop without internet. Among the slum households, 4.3% have
computer/laptop with internet and 7.0% have computer/laptop without internet.
In Ludhiana Corp 6.0% slum households have computer/laptop with internet and
8.0% without internet followed by Jalandhar corporation wherein 5.7% slum
households are having computer/laptop with internet and 6.6% without internet.
In Amritsar corporation, 3.6% of slum households have computer/laptop with internet
and 5.9% without internet.
Telephone/Mobile
Three out of every four slum households (75.6%)
have telephone compared with 86.1% in case of total urban households. The
percentage reflects total number of households having either telephone only,
only mobile or both. The percentage is even higher in Jalandhar and Ludhiana
Corp at 82.4% and 81.7% respectively. In Amritsar Corporation 71.7% of slum
households have telephone.
Scooter/Motorcycle/Moped
Every third slum household is in possession of two
wheelers. In percentage terms, 35.0% slum households have two wheeler compared
with 51.7% in urban households. In Ludhiana Corporation 42.1% and in Jalandhar
Corporation 40.7% slum households have a two wheeler while in Amritsar
Corporation one-third (33.6%) slum households possess two wheelers.
Car/Jeep/Van
In Punjab, 7.3% of the slum households are in
possession of a four wheeler as against 18.1% for urban households. One in
every ten slum households in Ludhiana Corp (9.6%) is having a four wheeler and
the corresponding percentage for Jalandhar and Amritsar Corp is 7.9% and 5.3%
respectively.
None of
the specified assets
Among the urban households in Punjab, 3.2% have
none of the specified assets. It is 5.8% for slum households. In Ludhiana 5.3%
and in Amritsar 4.9% of the slum households are not having any of the specified
assets while the percentage in Jalandhar Corp is 3.2%.
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